Corneal Transplantation

Why might I need a corneal transplantation?

If you have scarring or damage to your cornea, your vision can be damaged. Your eye care provider may need to treat the underlying cause of the damage to your cornea. If the damage is severe enough, you might also need corneal transplantation to fix your sight. Conditions that might require this surgery include:

• Bullous keratopathy
• Complications from cataract surgery
• Corneal dystrophy
• Corneal scar
• Corneal swelling
• Infection of the cornea
• Injury
• Keratitis
• Keratoconus

If the damage to your cornea is minor, it may heal on its own. You may not need this surgery. If you have a very badly damaged cornea, a procedure called phototherapeutic keratectomy may be another option. This method uses a laser to etch away part of your damaged cornea. But this method is not right for all types of cornea damage.

If you need corneal transplantation, ask your eye care provider if a full-thickness or partial-thickness transplantation would be best for you. Talk with him or her about the treatment that makes the most sense for you.

What are the risks of a corneal transplantation?

All procedures have risks. Some possible risks of this procedure include:

• Bleeding in the eye
• Cataracts
• Corneal infection
• Detachment of the new cornea
• Eye inflammation
• New refractive errors, requiring glasses or contact lenses
• Worsening of glaucoma
• Severe infection inside the eye (endophthalmitis)
• Severe infections on the surface of the eye (eye ulcer or abscess)
• Retinal detachment

There is also a risk that the surgery won't work and that you will have impaired vision.

Another major possible complication is rejection of the donated cornea. Your immune system might recognize that the tissue is foreign. It may start to attack the tissue. This can cause the transplant to fail. If this happens, you will likely need another surgery. To reduce your risk of vision loss from rejection, ask your eye care provider about the symptoms of rejection. If you have any of these symptoms, see your provider right away. Early treatment may prevent vision loss.

Your risk for complications may be different based on your age, your other health conditions, and the reason for your corneal transplantation. Ask your eye care provider about your own risks for corneal transplantation.

How do I get ready for a corneal transplantation?

Ask your eye care provider about how to get ready for corneal transplantation. Ask if you need to stop taking any medicines before the procedure. Follow any directions you are given for not eating or drinking before the surgery.

Your provider may want to use special tools to shine a light in your eye and examine your cornea. You may need to have your eyes dilated for this eye exam. You also might need computerized corneal mapping. This will give your provider even more information about your cornea.

What happens during corneal transplantation?

Talk with your eye surgeon about what will happen during your surgery. The details may vary. In general, during the procedure:

• You may be given anesthesia to put you to sleep. If this is the case, you will sleep deeply through the surgery and won’t remember it afterwards.
• In other cases, you may be awake during the surgery. You will be given a medicine to help you relax. In this case, your healthcare provider may use anesthetic eye drops and shots (injections) to make sure you don’t feel anything.
• Your surgeon will remove the central part of your damaged cornea.
• If you have penetrating keratoplasty, your surgeon will use a very fine thread to sew the new donated cornea in place. If you have endothelial keratoplasty, your surgeon will place an air or gas bubble inside your eye to keep the new tissue in place, instead of sutures or thread.
• An antibiotic ointment may be applied to your eye to help prevent infection.
• Your eye will be patched and covered.

What happens after a corneal transplantation?

Ask your eye care provider about what to expect after your surgery. In most cases, you will be able to go home the same day. Plan to have someone go home with you after the procedure.

Follow your provider’s instructions about eye care and medicines. You may need to take antibiotic eye drops to help prevent infection. Your eye may be a little sore after the procedure. But you should be able to take over-the-counter pain medicines. You may need to wear an eye patch for a day or so. You will also need to take medicines to prevent rejection of your new cornea. Ask your provider if you should not do any certain activities as you recover. Don't rub your eyes.

You will need close follow-up care. This lets your eye care provider see if the procedure was effective. You may have a scheduled appointment the day after the procedure. Your stitches may be removed at a follow-up visit. But this might not be until much later.

Tell your eye care provider right away if you have any signs of complications, including rejection. These might include symptoms such as:

• Decreased vision
• More eye pain
• More eye redness
• More sensitivity to light

You may not be able to see well right away because of eye swelling. But this procedure is often successful.

Next steps

Before you agree to the test or the procedure make sure you know:

• The name of the test or procedure
• The reason you are having the test or procedure
• What results to expect and what they mean
• The risks and benefits of the test or procedure
• What the possible side effects or complications are
• When and where you are to have the test or procedure
• Who will do the test or procedure and what that person’s qualifications are
• What would happen if you did not have the test or procedure
• Any alternative tests or procedures to think about
• When and how will you get the results
• Who to call after the test or procedure if you have questions or problems
• How much will you have to pay for the test or procedure