Gas in the Digestive Tract

What causes gas in the digestive tract?

Gas in your digestive tract is caused by 2 things:

• Swallowing air (aerophagia). This can happen when you eat or drink too quickly, chew gum, smoke, or wear loose dentures. Having postnasal drip can also cause this. Most air that you swallow leaves your stomach when you burp or belch. Some of the gas that is left is absorbed into your small intestine. A small amount goes into the large intestine. It is passed through your rectum.

• Breaking down of some undigested foods by good bacteria found in the large intestine (colon).  Carbohydrates are nutrients found in sugar, starches, and fiber. Some carbohydrates are not digested or absorbed in your small intestine. When food is not digested it passes into your large intestine. The undigested food is then broken down into small parts by good bacteria in your colon. This process makes hydrogen and carbon dioxide. In some cases it also makes methane gases. These gases are passed through your rectum.

Who is at risk for gas in the digestive tract?

Some health problems can cause you to make more gas in your digestive tract. These include:

• Being unable to digest sugar (lactose) in milk products, called lactose intolerance
• Irritable bowel syndrome, an intestinal problem
• Having inflammation in the intestines, such as inflammatory bowel disease
• Stomach disorders such as peptic ulcer disease and heartburn or GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
• Health problems that cause constipation

What are the symptoms of gas?

Each person’s symptoms may vary. The most common symptoms of gas are:

• Belching. Belching during or after meals is normal. But belching too often can be a problem. You may be swallowing too much air. And you may be letting the air out before it enters your stomach. Chronic belching may also mean that you have an upper GI (gastrointestinal) disorder such as peptic ulcer disease, GERD, or gastritis.

• Passing gas or flatulence. Passing gas through the rectum is called flatulence. It is normal to pass gas 14 to 23 times a day.

• Abdominal pain. Gas in your intestine may be painful. When it collects on the left side of your colon, the pain may seem like heart disease. When it collects on the right side of your colon, the pain may feel like gallstones or appendicitis.

• Abdominal bloating. In most cases, this happens when the muscles of your intestine don’t move or contract in the normal way. This type of problem is called an intestinal motility disorder. Irritable bowel syndrome is a motility disorder. These disorders can make you feel bloated, even when you are not.

Other health issues that may cause abdominal bloating include:

• Splenic-flexure syndromes, a chronic disorder that may be caused by gas trapped at bends in the colon.
• Crohn's disease, colon cancer, or any disease that causes a blockage in your intestine. Internal hernias or scar tissue (adhesions) from surgery.
• Fatty foods can delay stomach emptying and cause bloating and discomfort. They may not cause too much gas.
• Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.

There are a few rare, chronic gas diseases that cause belching. These include:

• Meganblase syndrome. This causes chronic belching. It happens after eating big, heavy meals. You will swallow a large amount of air. You will also have a big bubble of gas in your stomach. This will make you feel very full and have trouble breathing. These symptoms feel like a heart attack.

• Gas-bloat syndrome. This can happen after surgery for GERD. The surgery creates a one-way valve, or flap, between your food pipe (esophagus) and your stomach. This valve lets food and gas go into your stomach.

The symptoms of gas may look like other health problems. Always see your healthcare provider to be sure.

How is gas in the digestive tract diagnosed?

In some cases you may have gas symptoms because of a serious health problem. Always see your healthcare provider to be sure.  

Your healthcare provider will look at your past health and give you a physical exam. The following tests may also be done:

• Abdominal X-ray. An X-ray machine sends a beam of radiation through the abdomen. The image is recorded on special film or a computer.
• Colonoscopy. This test checks for colorectal cancer, polyps, and other colon disease. Colonoscopy is recommended if you are age 50 or older, or maybe even earlier if you have a family history of colorectal cancer. A colonoscopy looks at the entire length of the large intestine. This test can often help find abnormal growths, inflamed tissue, ulcers, and bleeding. A long, flexible, lighted tube (colonoscope) is inserted in through your rectum and up into your colon. Your healthcare provider uses the tube to see the lining of the colon and to take a tissue sample (biopsy). He or she may also be able to fix some problems that are found.
• Food diary. You may be asked to keep a diary of what you eat and drink for a certain time period. You may also need to count the number of times you pass gas during the day.
• Sigmoidoscopy. This test checks the inside of the last part of your large intestine. It helps to tell what is causing diarrhea, belly pain, constipation, abnormal growths, and bleeding. A short, flexible, lighted tube (sigmoidoscope) is put into your intestine through the rectum. This tube blows air into your intestine to make it swell. This makes it easier to see inside.
• Upper GI (gastrointestinal) series or barium swallow. If you have chronic belching, you are swallowing too much air. This test checks the organs at the top of your digestive system. It checks the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). You will swallow a metallic fluid called barium. Barium coats the organs so that they can be seen on an X-ray. 
• Blood test. Depending on your symptoms, a blood test for celiac disease may be done.

How is gas in the digestive tract treated?

Your healthcare provider will make a care plan for you based on:

• Your age, overall health, and past health
• How serious your case is
• How well you handle certain medicines, treatments, or therapies
• If your condition is expected to get worse
• What you would like to do

You can reduce some of your gas pain by:

• Changing your diet. Don’t have soda or other fizzy (carbonated) drinks. Don’t take any foods that might give you gas.
• Taking medicines. There are many over-the-counter medicines for gas.
• Reducing the amount of air you swallow.  Don’t chew gum or suck on hard candies. Try to eat more slowly. If you wear dentures, have your dentist make sure they fit well.

Can gas in the digestive tract be prevented?

You can’t stop all gas in the digestive tract. But you can reduce the amount of gas made in your digestive system. Don’t take foods or drinks that seem to give you more gas. And follow your healthcare provider’s advice.

When should I call my healthcare provider?

In most cases, having gas in your digestive tract is not serious. But you should call your healthcare provider if:

• Your symptoms increase or change
• You have new symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, or weight loss
• You are vomiting
• You have blood in the stool, or black, tarry stool
• You have pain that does not go away
• Treatments you tried before don’t work now

Key points about gas in the digestive tract

• Everyone has gas in their digestive tract.
• Gas in your digestive tract is created when you swallow air. It is also caused by the breakdown of some foods by good bacteria in your colon.
• Your body gets rid of gas by burping or by passing it through your rectum.
• Most foods with carbohydrates cause gas.
• The most common symptoms of gas are burping, passing gas, belly or abdominal bloating, and abdominal pain.
• You can reduce gas pain by changing your diet, taking medicines, and reducing how much air you swallow.

Next steps

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:

• Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.
• Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
• Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider tells you.
• At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you.
• Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are.
• Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.
• Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
• Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
• If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
• Know how you can contact your provider if you have questions.